Engineering Chemistry
Industrial adhesives, Loctite threadlockers, sealants, lubricants, cleaners, fuels, industrial gases, electrochemistry & plating, coatings, and chemical safety data — with live calculators for adhesive quantity, Loctite selection, and electroplating thickness.
🧪
Engineering Chemistry
Adhesives · Sealing · Fuels · Lubrication · Cleaning · Protection · MSDS · Chemical Compatibility
🔗 Engineering Adhesives
Epoxy
Two-ComponentHigh StrengthStructural
Tensile Strength20-70 MPa
Shear Strength15-40 MPa
Cure5 minutes to 24 hours (by type)
Temp. Resistanceup to 120°C (special up to 200°C)
Mix Ratio1:1 or 2:1 (A:B)
Common Products:
3M DP420 — structural epoxy, 45 min cure
Loctite EA 9466 — industrial, 24 hours
Araldite 2011 — excellent general purpose
MasterBond EP21 — aerospace grade
✓ Metal, ceramic, CFRP, glass
✗ PE, PP, PTFE — won't bond!
3M DP420 — structural epoxy, 45 min cure
Loctite EA 9466 — industrial, 24 hours
Araldite 2011 — excellent general purpose
MasterBond EP21 — aerospace grade
✓ Metal, ceramic, CFRP, glass
✗ PE, PP, PTFE — won't bond!
Manufacturers: 3M · Henkel / Loctite
Manufacturers: 3M · Henkel / Loctite
▶ YouTubeCyanoacrylate — CA / Super Glue
FastSingle-ComponentMoisture-Accelerated
Fixture Time5-60 seconds
Full Cure24 hours
Shear Strength10-25 MPa
ViscosityLiquid / Gel / Thick
Temp. Resistanceup to 80°C (special 120°C)
Loctite 401/406/495/4861
Loctite 401 — general, tight-fit joints
Loctite 406 — plastic-specific
Loctite 4861 — flexible (not brittle)
⚠️ Blooming (fogging) on clear plastic
Activator 7386 = instant cure on any surface
Loctite 401 — general, tight-fit joints
Loctite 406 — plastic-specific
Loctite 4861 — flexible (not brittle)
⚠️ Blooming (fogging) on clear plastic
Activator 7386 = instant cure on any surface
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permabond
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permabond
▶ YouTubeMS-Polymer / Hybrid
FlexibleSealant+AdhesiveSolvent-Free
Elastic Modulus0.5-3 MPa (flexible!)
Elongation at Break200-600%
Cureair moisture, 3-5mm/24h
UV ResistanceExcellent (no yellowing)
Sika 11FC / Sikaflex 252 — automotive
Soudal Fix All — general purpose
Bostik MSP — construction and industry
✓ Paintable, water/UV resistant, -40°C to +90°C
✓ Excellent for joining dissimilar materials (metal-plastic)
▶ YouTubeSoudal Fix All — general purpose
Bostik MSP — construction and industry
✓ Paintable, water/UV resistant, -40°C to +90°C
✓ Excellent for joining dissimilar materials (metal-plastic)
PU — Polyurethane
Flexible-StructuralVibration Resistant
Shear Strength5-20 MPa
Elongation at Break100-400%
Curemoisture, 24-72 hours
Temp.-40°C to +100°C
3M 3532 — automotive PU
Sikaflex 221 — panel bonding+sealing
⚠️ sensitive above 100°C
✓ excellent vibration and impact absorption
▶ YouTubeSikaflex 221 — panel bonding+sealing
⚠️ sensitive above 100°C
✓ excellent vibration and impact absorption
UV Adhesive
InstantOpticalClean
Cure3-30 seconds at 365nm
Shear Strength15-30 MPa
ClarityOptical >95%
Loctite 352/358/3105
Dymax 3-20793
✓ Optics, glass, medical
✗ Must be UV-transparent!
Dymax 3-20793
✓ Optics, glass, medical
✗ Must be UV-transparent!
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Dymax
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Dymax
▶ YouTubeStructural Adhesive
Very High StrengthAerospace
Shear Strength25-50 MPa
T-Peel3-8 kN/m
Temp.up to 175°C (structural epoxy)
3M AF163-2 — aerospace Film Adhesive
Cytec FM300 — Aerospace Grade
Loctite Hysol 9394 — heavy industry
Redux 312 — CFRP Bonding
⚠️ usually requires hot cure (120-175°C)
Cytec FM300 — Aerospace Grade
Loctite Hysol 9394 — heavy industry
Redux 312 — CFRP Bonding
⚠️ usually requires hot cure (120-175°C)
Manufacturers: 3M · Solvay / Cytec
Manufacturers: 3M · Solvay / Cytec
▶ YouTube| Adhesive Type | Shear Strength | Flexibility | Cure | Temp. Resistance | Relative Price | Main Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyanoacrylate | 10-25 MPa | Brittle | Seconds | 80°C | Cheap | Quick repairs |
| Epoxy 2K | 20-70 MPa | Rigid | 5 min-24h | 120°C | Medium | Structural, potting |
| MS-Polymer | 3-8 MPa | Very High | 24-72h | 90°C | Medium | Panels, sealing |
| PU | 5-20 MPa | High | 24-72h | 100°C | Medium | Vibration, flexibility |
| UV | 15-30 MPa | Medium | Seconds | 120°C | Expensive | Optics, glass |
| Film Epoxy | 30-50 MPa | Low | 120-175°C | 175°C | Very Expensive | Aerospace, CFRP |
🔒 Sealing & Gaskets
RTV Silicone (Moisture Cure)
Flexible-60°C to +300°C
Operating Temp.-60°C to +300°C
Max Pressureup to 10 bar (static)
Cureair moisture, 24h
Oil ResistanceRTV red/black version
Loctite 5910 (black) — oil, fuel
Loctite 5926 (grey) — coolant
Permatex Ultra Grey — very common
Permatex Ultra Black — engine oil
⚠️ Not for sealing gas under high pressure!
Loctite 5926 (grey) — coolant
Permatex Ultra Grey — very common
Permatex Ultra Black — engine oil
⚠️ Not for sealing gas under high pressure!
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permatex
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permatex
▶ YouTubeAnaerobic Gasket Maker
Air-Free CureMetal Only
Loctite 510high temp., up to 200°C
Loctite 515general, rigid, up to 150°C
Loctite 518flexible, low cleanup
Pressureup to 35 bar (depends on product)
Cure: 24h full, 1h fixture
✓ Covered joints (not open channels)
✗ Not for plastic, not for passive aluminum
✓ Covered joints (not open channels)
✗ Not for plastic, not for passive aluminum
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permabond
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permabond
▶ YouTubePTFE Tape (Thread Seal Tape)
Gas+WaterThreading
Thickness0.075-0.25mm
Pressureup to 100 bar (water/gas)
Temp.-200°C to +260°C
Wrap Directionin the thread direction (clockwise)
White — general water/gas
Yellow (thick) — high-pressure gas
Blue — oil systems
⚠️ Not for BSP Female! Male only
Yellow (thick) — high-pressure gas
Blue — oil systems
⚠️ Not for BSP Female! Male only
Manufacturers: Saint-Gobain · 3M
Manufacturers: Saint-Gobain · 3M
▶ YouTubeSpiral Wound Gasket
High PressureHigh Temp.
Pressureup to 400 bar
Temp.up to 800°C (Graphite)
MaterialsSS 316+Graphite / SS+PTFE
StandardASME B16.20
Inner Ring prevents collapse
Outer Ring = centering
✓ Industrial piping, process, API
▶ YouTubeOuter Ring = centering
✓ Industrial piping, process, API
Sheet Gaskets
Die-Cut to ShapeCheap
Corklow oil/gas, -40°C to +120°C
Compressed FiberKlinger, Garlock — medium pressure
Graphitehigh temp., aggressive chemicals
PTFEchemicals, food, acids
Torque minimum: 40-70% of Bolt Proof Load
Over-torque = extrusion → leak!
▶ YouTubeOver-torque = extrusion → leak!
Thread Sealant — Loctite 55/577
ThreadingDisassembly Possible
Loctite 55PTFE cord, water/gas, manual
Loctite 577anaerobic, liquid, NPT/BSP
Pressure up to400 bar (577)
Loctite 55: instant, can pressurize immediately
Loctite 577: 24h cure, stronger
Loctite 577: 24h cure, stronger
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permatex
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Permatex
▶ YouTube🔩 Threadlocker
| Product | Color | Strength | Max Diameter | Temp. | Use | Disassembly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loctite 222 | Purple | Low | M6 | 150°C | small bolts, adjustment, sensors | manual |
| Loctite 243 | Blue | Medium | M20 | 150°C | general bolts M6-M20, most common | hand tool |
| Loctite 248 | Blue | Medium | M20 | 150°C | 243 in stick form — convenient in the field | hand tool |
| Loctite 263 | Red | High | M36 | 150°C | large bolts, severe vibration | heat 250°C |
| Loctite 271 | Red | High | M36 | 150°C | permanent! agitator, shaft, locking rings | heat 250°C |
| Loctite 277 | Red | Very High | M72 | 150°C | very large bolts, anchoring | heat 300°C |
| Loctite 290 | Green | Medium | M20 | 150°C | penetrates an already-tightened bolt! Wicking | hand tool |
| Retaining Product | Color | Shear Strength | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loctite 603 | Green | 15 MPa | axial bearings, shaft-sleeve. Disassembly possible |
| Loctite 638 | Green | 25 MPa | large interfaces, heavy bearings. Permanent! |
| Loctite 648 | Green | 30 MPa | high temp. up to 175°C, engines |
| Loctite 660 | Brown | 17 MPa | Quick Metal — gap filling up to 0.25mm |
💡 Important Rules:
• Clean with IPA/Acetone before application — grease prevents curing
• Activator 7471 (purple) ← accelerates cure and passive metals (Al, SS, brass)
• Working time: 5-10 minutes | Full cure: 24 hours
• Maximum gap: 0.1-0.15mm (anaerobic won't cure in a large gap!)
• 290 only = Wicking Grade — penetrates an already-tight thread
• Clean with IPA/Acetone before application — grease prevents curing
• Activator 7471 (purple) ← accelerates cure and passive metals (Al, SS, brass)
• Working time: 5-10 minutes | Full cure: 24 hours
• Maximum gap: 0.1-0.15mm (anaerobic won't cure in a large gap!)
• 290 only = Wicking Grade — penetrates an already-tight thread
⚙️ Specialty Lubricants
MoS2 — Molybdenum Disulfide
Dry FilmHigh Loads
Friction Coefficientμ = 0.03-0.05
Temp. (Vacuum)-180°C to +450°C
Temp. (Air)up to +350°C (oxidizes above)
Loadup to 1500 MPa (Contact Pressure)
Molykote D-321R — dry spray
Molykote 321 — space, vacuum
✓ Stainless bolts (prevents Galling!)
✓ Space equipment, vacuum, clean
✗ Not for high humidity + load environments
Molykote 321 — space, vacuum
✓ Stainless bolts (prevents Galling!)
✓ Space equipment, vacuum, clean
✗ Not for high humidity + load environments
Manufacturers: Molykote (Dow) · Henkel / Loctite
Manufacturers: Molykote (Dow) · Henkel / Loctite
▶ YouTubeAnti-Seize
StainlessHigh Temp.
Copper Anti-Seizeup to 1100°C, exhaust, agitator
Nickel Anti-Seizeup to 1400°C, stainless, galvanized
Silver Anti-Seizeup to 900°C, nickel, safety-critical
K FactorK=0.13-0.15 (vs. K=0.2 dry)
Loctite C5-A (copper)
Molykote P-37 (nickel)
⚠️ Reduce tightening torque by 20-30%!
Molykote P-37 (nickel)
⚠️ Reduce tightening torque by 20-30%!
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Molykote (Dow)
Manufacturers: Henkel / Loctite · Molykote (Dow)
▶ YouTubePTFE Lubricants
CleanFoodChemical
Friction Coefficientμ = 0.04-0.10
Temp.-200°C to +260°C
Chemical Resistancealmost everything
Molykote G-4500 — FDA approved
DuPont Krytox — high performance
Chemours — PFPE oils
✓ Food contact, O-rings, chemical valves
DuPont Krytox — high performance
Chemours — PFPE oils
✓ Food contact, O-rings, chemical valves
Manufacturers: Chemours / Krytox · Molykote (Dow)
Manufacturers: Chemours / Krytox · Molykote (Dow)
Graphite Dry Lube
ConductiveHigh Temp.
Friction Coefficientμ = 0.1-0.15
Max Temp.up to 450°C (air)
WD-40 Dry PTFE/Graphite
✓ Locks, cables, printers
✗ Messy! Not for white parts
✓ Locks, cables, printers
✗ Messy! Not for white parts
Manufacturers: Molykote (Dow) · WD-40 Specialist
Manufacturers: Molykote (Dow) · WD-40 Specialist
🧹 Cleaners & Penetrants
Penetrating Oil
Seized Bolts
WD-40common, medium — not the best!
PB Blastervery good, popular in the US
Kroilthe best — deep penetration
Loctite LB 8009nickel Anti-Seize + Penetrant
The good recipe: 50% Acetone + 50% ATF
Soak 24-48 hours → heat → try
⚠️ WD-40 = Water Displacement, not a lubricant!
Soak 24-48 hours → heat → try
⚠️ WD-40 = Water Displacement, not a lubricant!
Manufacturers: WD-40 · CRC Industries
Manufacturers: WD-40 · CRC Industries
Degreaser
Before CoatingBefore Welding
IPA (Isopropanol)safe, volatile, general
Acetonestrong, fast, dissolves plastic!
MEKvery strong, CFRP prep
Aqueous DegreaserBrulin, Chemkleen — safe
Vapor DegreasingNovec, TCE — thorough cleaning
Before TIG welding: Acetone/IPA
Before coating: Alkaline Clean → DI Water
Before Loctite: IPA, full drying
⚠️ No Acetone on plastic/paint!
Before coating: Alkaline Clean → DI Water
Before Loctite: IPA, full drying
⚠️ No Acetone on plastic/paint!
Manufacturers: Chemetall / BASF · Henkel
Manufacturers: Chemetall / BASF · Henkel
Ultrasonic Cleaning
40 kHzThorough Cleaning
Principlecavitation — bubbles implode dirt away
Fluidswater+cleaner / IPA
Temp.40-70°C for maximum effectiveness
Ideal: precision parts, injectors, medical
⚠️ Not for parts with sensitive rubber seals!
⚠️ Not for parts with sensitive rubber seals!
Manufacturers: Elma Ultrasonic · Branson (Emerson)
Manufacturers: Elma Ultrasonic · Branson (Emerson)
▶ YouTube🛡️ Temporary Protection
VCI — Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor
VaporsNo Contact
VCI Paperwrap, steel/Al/copper
VCI Poly Bagbag, any metal
VCI Emitterchip box for crate
Protection12-24 months (closed storage)
Zerust / Cortec / Daubert
✓ No residue left! Just open and use
⚠️ Not effective if packaging isn't sealed!
✓ No residue left! Just open and use
⚠️ Not effective if packaging isn't sealed!
Manufacturers: Zerust (NTI) · Cortec
Manufacturers: Zerust (NTI) · Cortec
▶ YouTubeCosmoline / Tectyl
Long-TermMilitary
Cosmolinewax/oil, military marine storage
Tectyl 506steel, MIL-PRF-16173
Tectyl 511Mflexible, -40°C
Protection2-5 years
Removal: Mineral Spirits / Stoddard Solvent
MIL-PRF-16173 Grade 1-4
✓ Weapons, military equipment, field storage
MIL-PRF-16173 Grade 1-4
✓ Weapons, military equipment, field storage
Manufacturers: Valvoline / Tectyl · Henkel / Bonderite
Manufacturers: Valvoline / Tectyl · Henkel / Bonderite
▶ YouTubeLPS / CRC — Protective Spray
VolatileLight
LPS-1light, volatile, electronics
LPS-2general, 12 months
LPS-3heavy, 2 years
CRC 3-36common alternative
✓ After every machining operation — spray immediately!
Storage: dry crate + LPS-2 = enough for a year
Storage: dry crate + LPS-2 = enough for a year
Manufacturers: LPS Laboratories · CRC Industries
Manufacturers: LPS Laboratories · CRC Industries
⛽ Engineering Fuels
| Fuel | Full Name | LHV MJ/kg | Density kg/L | Flash Point °C | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jet-A | Aviation Kerosene | 43.2 | 0.80 | 38°C | global civil aviation |
| JP-8 | Jet Propellant 8 | 43.2 | 0.80 | 38°C | military aviation (NATO F-34) |
| JP-4 | Jet Propellant 4 | 43.5 | 0.76 | -23°C | less common, cold environments |
| AVGAS 100LL | Aviation Gasoline | 43.7 | 0.72 | -40°C | piston aviation engines |
| RP-1 | Rocket Propellant 1 | 43.4 | 0.82 | 62°C | rockets (F-1, Merlin, RD-180) |
| LH2 | Liquid Hydrogen | 120.0 | 0.071 | -253°C | rockets (RS-25, Ariane 5 upper) |
| MMH | Monomethylhydrazine | 26.8 | 0.87 | 17°C | apogee engines, satellites |
| UDMH | Unsym. Dimethylhydrazine | 28.4 | 0.79 | -15°C | Soviet rockets, Titan |
| LOX | Liquid Oxygen | — | 1.14 | -183°C | oxidizer — with RP-1/LH2/CH4 |
| N2O4 | Nitrogen Tetroxide | — | 1.44 | — | hypergolic oxidizer with MMH/UDMH |
| LNG/LCH4 | Liquid Methane | 55.5 | 0.42 | -161°C | Raptor, Prometheus (future) |
| HTPB | Solid Rocket Fuel (Binder) | 43.0 | — | — | solid propellant — Ariane, SLS Boosters |
💥 Explosives (Engineering Reference Only)
⚠️ Information for engineering reference only — classifications, physical properties, professional applications. No synthesis, preparation, or activation details.
| Material | VOD m/s | Density g/cm³ | RE Factor | UN Classification | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNT | 6,900 | 1.65 | 1.00 (baseline) | Class 1.1D | reference, ordnance, mining |
| RDX (Cyclonite) | 8,750 | 1.82 | 1.60 | Class 1.1D | military, C-4, shaped charges |
| PETN | 8,400 | 1.77 | 1.66 | Class 1.1D | Primacord, Detonator Cord |
| HMX (Octogen) | 9,100 | 1.91 | 1.70 | Class 1.1D | advanced ordnance, solid rockets |
| ANFO | 4,500 | 0.85 | 0.74 | Class 1.5D | commercial mining, construction |
| Emulsion | 5,500 | 1.15 | 0.90 | Class 1.5D | commercial mining, water resistant |
| C-4 | 8,050 | 1.59 | 1.34 | Class 1.1D | flexible military explosive (RDX+Binder) |
| Semtex | 7,700 | 1.55 | 1.28 | Class 1.1D | RDX/PETN+DMDNB marker |
| Black Powder | 400 | 1.7 | — | Class 1.1D | ignition, fireworks, delay mechanisms |
UN Classifications — Class 1
1.1mass explosion hazard
1.2projection hazard without mass explosion
1.3fire + minor blast
1.4minor hazard (pyrotechnics)
1.5very insensitive explosive
1.6extremely insensitive articles
Industry Companies
Dyno Nobelmining, ANFO, emulsion
OricaAustralia — global mining
MaxamSpain — military + commercial
ChemringUK — defense
BAE Systemsordnance + explosives
Elbit / IMIIsrael
💧 Coolants & Cutting Fluids
Soluble Oil — Emulsion
3-10%Very Common
Concentration3-5% finishing · 5-10% roughing
Coolingexcellent (mostly water)
Lubricationmedium
Blaser Blasocut / Castrol Hysol
Maintenance pH: 8.5-9.5
⚠️ Mold growth if concentration too low!
Maintenance pH: 8.5-9.5
⚠️ Mold growth if concentration too low!
Manufacturers: Blaser Swisslube · Castrol Industrial
Manufacturers: Blaser Swisslube · Castrol Industrial
Neat Oil — Pure Cutting Oil
100%Maximum Lubrication
Usethreading, EDM, grinding, Ti
Coolingrelatively poor
Lubricationexcellent
Castrol Hyspin / Blaser BS46
✓ Titanium, stainless, carbide tools
✓ Titanium, stainless, carbide tools
Manufacturers: Blaser Swisslube · Fuchs Lubricants
Manufacturers: Blaser Swisslube · Fuchs Lubricants
MQL — Minimum Quantity
Green50ml/h
Quantityonly 10-100 ml/hour!
Advantageclean, green, aluminum/CFRP
✓ CFRP, Al — ↓cost, ↑finish
✗ Not for stainless/Ti under high load
✗ Not for stainless/Ti under high load
Manufacturers: Blaser Swisslube · Fuchs Lubricants
Manufacturers: Blaser Swisslube · Fuchs Lubricants
🎨 Chemical Coatings
| Coating | Thickness | Hardness HV | μ Friction | Temp. | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parylene C/N | 1-50μm | — | 0.25 | 125°C | electronics, medical, insulation |
| Cerakote H-Series | 15-25μm | ~H4 Pencil | 0.15 | 260°C | firearms, aluminum parts |
| Xylan PTFE | 15-40μm | — | 0.05-0.10 | 260°C | bolts, fasteners, stainless |
| Molykote D-321R | 5-15μm | — | 0.04 | 350°C | MoS2 Dry Film, space |
| Powder Coat Epoxy | 60-120μm | H2-H4 | — | 120°C | structural, aesthetic, steel |
| Powder Coat Polyester | 60-120μm | H2-H3 | — | 120°C | outdoor, UV |
| Alodine (Chromate) | 0.5-5μm | — | — | 175°C | Al primer, MIL-DTL-5541 |
| Nickel Chemical (EN) | 5-75μm | 500-600 | 0.1 | 350°C | precision, wear, corrosion |
📋 MSDS / SDS — Material Safety Data Sheet
SDS Structure — 16 Sections
1Identification of the substance and manufacturer
2Hazard identification (GHS)
3Composition / information on ingredients
4First-aid measures
5Fire-fighting measures
6Accidental release measures
7Handling and storage
8Exposure controls / PPE
9-16Properties / stability / regulatory
Manufacturers: Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) · PubChem (NIH)
Manufacturers: Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) · PubChem (NIH)
GHS Pictograms
💣 GHS01Explosive
🔥 GHS02Flammable
🔺 GHS03Oxidizer
🔴 GHS04Gas Under Pressure
⚗ GHS05Corrosive
☠ GHS06Toxic
⚠ GHS07Harmful / Irritant
🫁 GHS08Health Hazard
🌊 GHS09Environmental Hazard
Manufacturers: UNECE / GHS · ECHA (EU)
Manufacturers: UNECE / GHS · ECHA (EU)
Storage by Compatibility Group:
🔴 Oxidizers ← not near ← 🟡 Flammables
☠ Acids ← not near ← 🟣 Bases
💧 Water-reactive ← not near ← any liquid
Israeli Law: Hazardous Materials Regulations 2008 + Clean Air Regulations
GHS in Israel: SII 16 / Hazardous Materials Regulations
🔴 Oxidizers ← not near ← 🟡 Flammables
☠ Acids ← not near ← 🟣 Bases
💧 Water-reactive ← not near ← any liquid
Israeli Law: Hazardous Materials Regulations 2008 + Clean Air Regulations
GHS in Israel: SII 16 / Hazardous Materials Regulations
⚗️ Chemical Compatibility
| Material / Fluid | Steel | SS 316 | Al 6061 | Copper | Bronze | Buna-N | Viton | PTFE | Polycarbonate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water (up to 60°C) | ⚠ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Seawater | ❌ | ⚠ | ⚠ | ❌ | ⚠ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Hydraulic Oil | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ⚠ |
| Fuel (Diesel) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ⚠ | ⚠ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| Acetone | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ⚠ | ⚠ | ✅ | ❌ |
| Hydrochloric Acid HCl | ❌ | ⚠ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ⚠ | ✅ | ✅ | ⚠ |
| NaOH — Base | ⚠ | ✅ | ❌ | ⚠ | ⚠ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| H2O2 — Hydrogen Peroxide | ❌ | ⚠ | ⚠ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ | ⚠ |
| IPA | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Ammonia NH3 | ⚠ | ✅ | ⚠ | ❌ | ❌ | ⚠ | ⚠ | ✅ | ⚠ |
✅ Compatible · ⚠ Check concentration/temp. · ❌ Not suitable
🧮 Chemical Calculators
Adhesive Quantity Calculator
—
Loctite Calculator by Diameter
—
⚗️ Industrial Gases
| Gas | Symbol | Cylinder Color | Storage Pressure | Boiling Point | Main Use | Hazard |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argon | Ar | Dark Blue | 200 bar | -186°C | TIG/MIG welding, PVD coating | asphyxiation (inert) |
| Nitrogen | N2 | Grey/Black | 200 bar | -196°C | nitriding, pressure testing, drying, laser | asphyxiation |
| Helium | He | Brown | 200 bar | -269°C | Al/Ti welding, leak testing, MRI | asphyxiation |
| CO2 | CO2 | Dark Green | 50-60 bar | -78°C (sublime) | MIG, MAG welding, cooling | asphyxiation at high concentration |
| Oxygen | O2 | Blue | 200 bar | -183°C | Oxyfuel cutting, welding, LOX | flammable! keep away from oil |
| Acetylene | C2H2 | Yellow/Orange | 15 bar (max!) | -84°C | Oxy-Acetylene cutting/welding | very flammable! max 1.5 bar use pressure |
| Hydrogen | H2 | Red | 200-700 bar | -253°C | LH2 rockets, hydrogen fuel, Al welding | very flammable! range 4-75% in oxygen |
| SF6 | SF6 | White | 6-7 bar | -64°C | electrical insulation, GIS switchgear | very strong GHG (23,500×CO2) |
| Propane | C3H8 | Orange | 8-12 bar | -42°C | cutting, brazing, heating, HVOF | flammable, heavier than air |
| Ar/CO2 (75/25) | C25 | Blue/Green | 200 bar | — | steel MIG — most common! | asphyxiation |
| Ar/He (50/50) | ArHe | — | 200 bar | — | aluminum TIG, fast welding | asphyxiation |
| Ar/H2 (2-5%) | — | — | 200 bar | — | stainless TIG — ↑speed, ↑penetration | flammable in H2 mix |
Gas Selection for Welding
TIG SteelAr 100%
TIG StainlessAr 100% / Ar+2%H2
TIG AluminumAr 100% / Ar+He
TIG TitaniumAr 100% (99.999% purity!)
MIG SteelAr/CO2 75/25 (C25)
MIG StainlessAr/CO2/He (98/1/1)
MIG AluminumAr 100%
FCAWCO2 100% / Ar+CO2
Manufacturers: Linde · Air Products
Manufacturers: Linde · Air Products
Gas Companies
Lindeglobal — largest
Air ProductsUS/global
Air LiquideFrance/global
Maxima GasIsrael — most common
Maxima IsraelAr, N2, CO2, liquid tanks
Gas CompanyIsrael — LPG, acetylene
Gas Safety
Storageupright, chained to wall, ventilated area
O2 + Oilfire hazard! never!
C2H2 Pressuremax 1.5 bar use!
H2 DetectionH2 detector mandatory — invisible, rises
Vessel Entryprohibited! Confined Space Permit
Israeli StandardSII 198 + gas safety regulations
🔬 Liquid Penetrant & Magnetic Testing
PT — Liquid Penetrant Testing
Type IType II4 Steps
Type IFluorescent (UV 365nm)
Type IIVisible Dye (red/white)
Method AWater Washable
Method BPost-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic
Method CSolvent Removable
Method DPost-Emulsifiable, Hydrophilic
Standard: ASTM E165 / EN ISO 3452
Magnaflux ZL-27A (Fluorescent) / SKL-SP2 (Visible)
Magnaflux ZL-27A (Fluorescent) / SKL-SP2 (Visible)
Manufacturers: Magnaflux (ITW) · Chemetall
Manufacturers: Magnaflux (ITW) · Chemetall
▶ YouTubePT — Process Sequence
1. Pre-cleaningCleaner/Remover — removes grease/paint
2. Penetrant Applicationspray/dip — 10-30 minute dwell
3. Excess Removalwater/solvent — carefully! don't wash out of cracks
4. Developerwhite/dry — draws Penetrant from cracks
5. InspectionUV (Type I) / visible light (Type II)
6. Final CleaningDeveloper removal
Sensitivity Levels: 1/2 common for industry | 3/4 aerospace
Sensitivity: 1/2T (fine) to 1 (coarse)
Sensitivity: 1/2T (fine) to 1 (coarse)
MT — Magnetic Particle Testing
Liquid MagneticMagnaflux 14HF — black
FluorescentMagnaflux 14AM — UV
Yokemanual magnetization — AC/DC
Coillong parts — Longitudinal
ContactCircular magnetization
Standard: ASTM E709 / EN ISO 9934
⚠️ Ferritic steel only! Not austenitic SS/Al
⚠️ Ferritic steel only! Not austenitic SS/Al
Manufacturers: Magnaflux (ITW) · Parker Research
Manufacturers: Magnaflux (ITW) · Parker Research
▶ YouTubeEtch Inspection
Grinding BurnNital Etch
Nital 2-3%HNO3 in Methanol — steel
Keller'sHF+HCl+HNO3+H2O — aluminum
Marble'sCuSO4+HCl+H2O — stainless
Vilella'sPicric acid+HCl — fine steel
Grinding Burn: black = softening | white = Re-hardened
Standard: ASTM F2338 / AMS 2440
⚠️ HF — very dangerous! Butyl gloves mandatory
Standard: ASTM F2338 / AMS 2440
⚠️ HF — very dangerous! Butyl gloves mandatory
Manufacturers: Chemetall · Henkel / Turco
Manufacturers: Chemetall · Henkel / Turco
▶ YouTube⚡ Electrochemistry & Plating
Anodizing Chemistry
Type IIType III Hard
BathH2SO4 15-20% (180-200 g/L)
Type II Temp.18-22°C
Type III Temp.0-5°C (! cold)
Current1.5-3 A/dm² (Type II) | 3-5 (III)
Growth Rate~0.4μm/minute (Type II)
Ratio50% penetration into Al, 50% growth outward
Sealing: boiling water (DI) 96°C/30min or Nickel Acetate
Dyeing: before Sealing — organic/inorganic dye
⚠️ H2SO4 + electricity = H2 evolves! ventilation mandatory
Dyeing: before Sealing — organic/inorganic dye
⚠️ H2SO4 + electricity = H2 evolves! ventilation mandatory
Manufacturers: Atotech · MacDermid Enthone
Manufacturers: Atotech · MacDermid Enthone
▶ YouTubeElectroplating
ZincZnSO4/ZnCl2 — 50-100 g/L, pH 4-6
NickelNiSO4 300g/L — Watts Bath
ChromeCrO3 250g/L + H2SO4 — TOXIC!
GoldAu-Citrate / Au-Cyanide
CopperCuSO4 200g/L + H2SO4
SilverAgCN — Cyanide Bath
Faraday's Formula: m = (M × I × t) / (n × F)
m=weight[g], M=molar mass, I=current[A], t=time[s], n=valence, F=96485
⚠️ Hex Chrome = Cr6+ — carcinogenic! REACH/RoHS
m=weight[g], M=molar mass, I=current[A], t=time[s], n=valence, F=96485
⚠️ Hex Chrome = Cr6+ — carcinogenic! REACH/RoHS
Manufacturers: Atotech · MacDermid Enthone
Manufacturers: Atotech · MacDermid Enthone
▶ YouTubeElectroless Nickel — EN
No Electricity100% Uniform
Mechanismchemical reduction — NaH2PO2
Low P (2-5%)HRC 65 after HT, magnetic
Mid P (6-9%)HRC 52, general
High P (10-13%)HRC 48, maximum corrosion resistance
Hardening HT400°C/1h → HRC 65-70!
Advantage: uniform thickness on holes/slots/complex parts
✓ ↑wear resistance, ↑hardness, ↑corrosion resistance
✓ ↑wear resistance, ↑hardness, ↑corrosion resistance
Manufacturers: MacDermid Enthone · Atotech
Manufacturers: MacDermid Enthone · Atotech
▶ YouTubePassivation
StainlessAMS 2700
Method 1HNO3 20-25%, 49-60°C, 30min
Method 2HNO3 20-45%, 21-38°C, 30min
Citric Acid4-10%, 49-71°C, 20min — safer!
TestCopper Sulfate Test / Salt Spray 48h
Standard: AMS 2700 / ASTM A967 / MIL-DTL-14538
Purpose: remove free Fe → resistant Cr2O3 layer
Purpose: remove free Fe → resistant Cr2O3 layer
Manufacturers: Chemetall · Henkel / Bonderite
Manufacturers: Chemetall · Henkel / Bonderite
▶ YouTube🧮 Faraday Calculator — Plating Thickness
—
🎨 Paints & Primers
Paint System
Step 1: Surface PrepSa 2.5 / Sa 3 Blast / SSPC-SP10
Step 2: Wash PrimerEtch Primer — 5-10μm
Step 3: PrimerEpoxy/Zinc Rich — 50-75μm
Step 4: MidCoatHB Epoxy — 100-150μm (optional)
Step 5: TopcoatPU/Acrylic — 50-75μm
Total DFT200-350μm (marine: up to 500μm)
▶ YouTubePrimer Types
Zinc Rich Epoxy>80% Zn — cathodic protection, steel
Zinc Phosphatemechanical protection, medium
Epoxy Primeradhesion + barrier — general use
Wash Primer (Etch)PVB+Phosphoric — Al/steel/Zn
Alodine 1200Chromate Conversion — Al primer
Epoxy MIL-PRF-23377aerospace — Type I/II
Topcoat
Polyurethane (PU)↑UV, ↑flexibility, ↑appearance — outdoor
Epoxy Topcoat↑chemical, ↓UV — indoor
Alkydcheap, ↓performance, simple exteriors
MIL-PRF-85285aerospace PU — CAM Gray
Interthane 990Akzo Nobel — common in industry
Manufacturers: AkzoNobel / Interthane · Jotun / Hardtop
Manufacturers: AkzoNobel / Interthane · Jotun / Hardtop
| Manufacturer | Product | Type | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jotun | Jotamastic / Hardtop XP | Epoxy/PU | marine, oil/gas, infrastructure |
| Hempel | Hempadur / Hempathane | Epoxy/PU | shipping, industry |
| Sherwin-Williams | Macropoxy / Hi-Temp | Epoxy/HB | infrastructure, industry |
| Sika | Sikacor / Sikafloor | Epoxy | flooring, construction |
| AkzoNobel | Interzinc / Interthane | Zinc/PU | aerospace, marine, automotive |
🔥 Brazing, Soldering & Stop-off
Brazing (>450°C)
Silver BrazingAg 45-72%, temp. 620-900°C
Copper BrazingCu 99%, protective atmosphere, 1080°C
Nickel BrazingBNi-2/BNi-8, aerospace, 1000-1200°C
Aluminum BrazingAlSi 4047/4343, 580-610°C
Flux (Borax): AWS FB1-A — oxide removal
Vacuum Brazing: nickel/copper — no Flux!
Lucas-Milhaupt, Harris Products, Handy&Harman
Vacuum Brazing: nickel/copper — no Flux!
Lucas-Milhaupt, Harris Products, Handy&Harman
Manufacturers: Lucas-Milhaupt · Harris Products
Manufacturers: Lucas-Milhaupt · Harris Products
▶ YouTubeSoldering (<450°C)
Sn63/Pb37183°C — eutectic, electronics
SAC305 (Lead-Free)Sn96.5/Ag3/Cu0.5 — 217°C, RoHS
Sn50/Pb50215°C — plumbing
Flux RosinRMA/RA — electronics
Flux No-CleanSMD — no rinse
IPC J-STD-006 — solder alloy classification
Kester, Multicore, Alpha Metals
Kester, Multicore, Alpha Metals
Manufacturers: Kester · Alpha Metals
Manufacturers: Kester · Alpha Metals
▶ YouTubeStop-off — Heat Treatment Masking
Stop-off PaintDy-Kote 29A — nitriding prevention
Stop-off Claymodeling, welding, chasing
Copper Platecopper plating = carbon barrier
Nickel Platenitriding barrier up to 700°C
Pickle Paste SS: HNO3+HF gel — welding/stains
Boro-Wolf 60 / Derustit — SS cleaning
⚠️ HF in pickling — Butyl gloves mandatory!
Boro-Wolf 60 / Derustit — SS cleaning
⚠️ HF in pickling — Butyl gloves mandatory!
Manufacturers: Dy-Kote (Sifco) · Henkel / Bonderite
Manufacturers: Dy-Kote (Sifco) · Henkel / Bonderite
▶ YouTubePickle & Descaling
SS Pickle PasteHNO3+HF — welding stains/rust
Carbon SteelHCl 10-20% / H2SO4 — Mill Scale
Al EtchNaOH 5-10% → HNO3 Bright Dip
Ti PickleHF+HNO3 — Alpha Case removal
Manufacturers: Chemetall, Henkel, MacDermid
Turco 4181 — safety-critical SS Pickling
Turco 4181 — safety-critical SS Pickling
Manufacturers: Chemetall · MacDermid Enthone
Manufacturers: Chemetall · MacDermid Enthone
▶ YouTube🔋 Battery Chemistry
| Technology | Nominal Voltage | Energy Density Wh/kg | Cycle Life | C-Rate | Operating Temp. | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li-ion NMC | 3.6-3.7V | 150-220 | 500-1000 | 1-3C | -20 to +60°C | EV, laptop, power tools |
| LiFePO4 (LFP) | 3.2V | 90-160 | 2000-4000 | 1-5C | -30 to +60°C | solar energy, safe EV |
| Li-ion NCA | 3.6V | 200-260 | 500-1000 | 1-3C | -20 to +60°C | Tesla, power tools |
| LiPo | 3.7V | 150-200 | 300-500 | 1-20C | -20 to +60°C | drones, RC, robotics |
| NiMH | 1.2V | 60-120 | 500-1000 | 0.2-1C | -20 to +50°C | toys, Hybrid (Prius) |
| Lead-Acid | 2.0V/cell | 30-50 | 200-500 | 0.05-1C | -40 to +50°C | vehicles, UPS, SLA |
| Alkaline | 1.5V | 80-150 | 1 (primary) | 0.1C | -20 to +55°C | consumer products |
| Solid State (future) | 3.8V | 300-400 | >5000 | 1-10C | -30 to +100°C | EV Gen-Next |
BMS — Battery Management
SOCState of Charge — OCV / Coulomb
SOHState of Health — current capacity
Upper Cutoff4.2V (NMC) / 3.65V (LFP)
Lower Cutoff2.5-3.0V (NMC) / 2.5V (LFP)
Thermal Runaway>130-150°C — danger!
⚠️ Industrial Acids & Bases
⚠️ Information for professional use only. Acids require PPE, proper ventilation, and appropriate training.
| Material | Formula | Commercial Concentration | pH (1%) | Industrial Use | Main Hazard | PPE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2SO4 — Sulfuric | H2SO4 | 96-98% | ~1 | steel Pickling, plating, Anodize, Lead-Acid batteries | severe burns, exothermic with water! | Face shield + Butyl |
| HCl — Hydrochloric | HCl | 30-37% | ~1 | Pickling, Mill Scale removal, pH control, Al Etch | dangerous fumes! corrosive + irritant | Mask + Neoprene |
| HNO3 — Nitric | HNO3 | 65-70% | ~1 | SS passivation, Al Bright Dip, cleaning | strong oxidizer! toxic orange NO2 | Face shield + Butyl |
| HF — Fluoride | HF | 48-49% | ~3 | Al Etch, Ti Pickle, ceramic cleaning, glass Etching | lethal! deep penetration with no immediate pain | Butyl + Full Face + shield |
| H3PO4 — Phosphoric | H3PO4 | 75-85% | ~2 | steel Phosphating (Bonderite), scale cleaning | moderate corrosive | Neoprene |
| Citric Acid | C6H8O7 | 50% | ~3 | SS passivation (safer than HNO3), scale cleaning | minimal | PVC gloves |
| NaOH — Caustic Soda | NaOH | 50% | ~13 | Al Etch (Caustic), degreasing | burns! Al oxidizes releasing H2 | Face shield + Neoprene |
| KOH — Potassium Hydroxide | KOH | 45-50% | ~13 | Alkaline Electrolyte in batteries, cleaning | severe burns | Face shield + Neoprene |
| NH3 — Ammonia | NH3 | 25-30% | ~11 | gas nitriding, cleaning, pH adjustment | pungent fumes! Immediately Dangerous | SCBA + Butyl |
⚠️ HF — Hydrogen Fluoride
HF penetrates skin with no immediate pain!
F⁻ binds Ca²⁺ ← cardiac arrest at large exposure
First treatment: Calcium Gluconate Gel immediately!
APF (Antidote): must be kept on hand in the work area
Exposure >160cm² = life-threatening → hospital immediately
PPE: Butyl Rubber, Face Shield, Apron
F⁻ binds Ca²⁺ ← cardiac arrest at large exposure
First treatment: Calcium Gluconate Gel immediately!
APF (Antidote): must be kept on hand in the work area
Exposure >160cm² = life-threatening → hospital immediately
PPE: Butyl Rubber, Face Shield, Apron
Manufacturers: Honeywell · Mexichem / Orbia
Manufacturers: Honeywell · Mexichem / Orbia
Neutralization & Storage
Acid + Wateralways acid into water! never the reverse
Acid Neutralizationdilute NaOH / Na2CO3 / Lime
Base Neutralizationdilute H2SO4/HCl
Storage Groupsacids ← far from ← bases
HF StorageHDPE only! not glass
SpillsSpill Kit: Acid Neutralizer mandatory