410 Stainless Steel
A hardenable 12% chromium martensitic stainless steel
Typical values for the temper in the title
410 is a stainless steel with about 12% chromium and a little carbon, without nickel. Unlike austenitic stainless, it can be hardened by heat treatment, like steel, to reach high strength. It is magnetic in every condition.
The cost is lower corrosion resistance than 304: it suits the atmosphere, fresh water and steam, but not chlorides. It is common in pump parts, valves, shafts and turbine blades.
Mechanical and physical properties
| Property | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength Rm | 480–830 MPa | |
| Yield strength Rp0.2 | 275–620 MPa | |
| Elongation A | 20% | |
| Hardness | 147–262 HB | |
| Modulus of elasticity E | 200 GPa | |
| Density ρ | 7.75 g/cm³ | |
| Machinability | 55% | relative rating in the site database |
Chemical composition (wt %)
| Element | Range | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cr chromium | 11.5–13.5 | corrosion resistance |
| C carbon | 0.08–0.15 | allows hardening |
| Mn manganese | max 1.00 | |
| Si silicon | max 1.00 | |
| Ni nickel | max 0.75 | |
| Fe iron | balance |
Ranges per ASTM A276 and A240, and producer data (ATI). For purchasing, rely on the standard in the order.
Conditions and heat treatment
Martensitic stainless is hardened like steel: heating to the austenite range (usually 925–1070 °C), rapid cooling, then tempering. The tempering temperature sets the balance between hardness and toughness.
| Condition | Properties | When to choose it |
|---|---|---|
| Annealed | soft, for machining | the common delivery condition |
| Hardened, low-temperature temper | high strength and hardness | parts where wear resistance matters |
| Hardened, high-temperature temper (above about 580 °C) | medium strength, good toughness | shafts and dynamically loaded parts |
| Tempering in the intermediate range | tempering around 400–580 °C lowers toughness and corrosion resistance, so it is avoided |
Applications
- Pump and valve parts
- Shafts and mechanical parts
- Steam turbine blades
- Inexpensive cutlery and tools
- Fasteners for mild service
Fabrication
Heat treatment
Hardened by air or oil cooling from the austenite range. After hardening it must be tempered.
Welding
Possible, but the weld zone is hard and brittle. Preheating and post-weld heat treatment are needed.
Machining
Better than austenitic stainless when annealed. For volume machining, 416 is better.
Compared with similar materials
| Material | Rm / Rp0.2 | Welding | When it is the better choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| 416 | 515–800 / 275–620 MPa | Poor | free machining, with the same heat treatment · material page |
| 420 | 586–1900 / 414–1650 MPa | Difficult — Preheat 200C | more carbon, higher hardness · material page |
| 431 | 860–1035 / 655–760 MPa | Difficult — Preheat 150-260°C | more corrosion resistant and stronger · material page |
Common mistakes
Tempering at 400–580 °C
This lowers toughness and corrosion resistance. Choose a temperature below or above the range.
Using 410 in a marine environment
Its chloride resistance is low. For such an environment, 316 or duplex.
Welding without preheat and post-weld treatment
The weld zone may crack.
Equivalents, standards and supply
| EN | 1.4006 |
|---|---|
| DIN | X12Cr13 |
| JIS | SUS410 |
| Standards | ASTM A240 / EN 10088-2 |
| Forms | plate · rod · pipe |
| Producers | Outokumpu · AK Steel · Valbruna |
Learn more
Values are typical and for comparison only. For design, rely on the standard and on the mill certificate. Sources: ASTM A240, ASTM A276 and EN 10088 (composition), producer data sheets, and the METAL HUB materials database.
Updated: October 31, 2026