Engineering Standards Reference
A complete engineering standards reference: ASME/ISO GD&T and drafting, tolerances and fits, material standards, fastener standards, welding standards, coatings and heat treatment, quality and aerospace (AS9100), MIL/AMS defense specs, Israeli standards, and international standard cross-reference tables.
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Engineering Standards Reference
GD&T ยท Tolerances ยท Materials ยท Fasteners ยท Welding ยท Coatings ยท Quality ยท MIL/AMS ยท Israel ยท Comparisons
๐ GD&T and Engineering Drawing Standards
ASME Y14.5 โ American GD&T
Common in Israel
Current EditionASME Y14.5-2018
Previous EditionASME Y14.5M-2009 (still common)
2018 ChangesRemoval of Symmetry and Concentricity โ Position
RFSDefault โ not marked
Rule #1Envelope Principle โ default
ProjectionThird Angle โ
ApplicabilityDefense ยท aerospace ยท automotive ยท export to the US
ISO 1101 โ European GD&T
ISO/TC 213
EditionISO 1101:2017
Difference from ASMEIndependence Principle โ default
ProjectionFirst Angle โ
GPS FrameworkGeometrical Product Specifications
ISO 8015Fundamental principles โ GPS
ApplicabilityExport to Europe ยท EN/DIN
ASME Y14 โ Drafting Series
ASME
Y14.1Sheet sizes โ A/B/C/D/E
Y14.2Line conventions and lettering
Y14.3Views and layouts
Y14.5GD&T
Y14.36MSurface finish symbols
Y14.413D Digital Product Definition
Y14.100Engineering Drawing Practices
ISO โ Drafting Standards
ISO
ISO 128Line conventions and views
ISO 5455Scales
ISO 7200Title Block
ISO 10209Technical Drawing terminology
ISO 16792Digital Product Definition (MBD)
ISO 1302Surface finish on drawings (superseded โ 21920)
Geometric Measurement Standards
GPS Inspection
ISO 12181Roundness
ISO 12780Straightness
ISO 12781Flatness
ISO 1101GD&T definitions including cylindricity
ASME B89.3.1Roundness Measurement
ISO 13225Cylindricity
Surface Finish
Ra ยท Rz ยท Rmax
ISO 21920:2021Profile method โ Ra/Rz (new)
ISO 25178Areal Surface Texture โ Sa/Sz
ASME B46.1Surface Texture โ Ra
ISO 4288Cutoff wavelengths (ฮปc)
ISO 1302Finish symbol on drawings (old edition)
| Standard | Equivalent ISO | Topic | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASME Y14.5-2018 | ISO 1101:2017 | GD&T | โ Current |
| ASME Y14.36M | ISO 1302/21920 | Surface finish | โ Current |
| ASME B46.1 | ISO 21920 | Ra measurement | โ Current |
| ASME Y14.41 | ISO 16792 | MBD / 3D Definition | โ Current |
| ASME Y14.5M-1994 | โ | Old GD&T | โ ๏ธ Withdrawn |
๐ Tolerance and Fit Standards
ISO 286 โ Fit System
The core standard
ISO 286-1IT system basics โ letters + grades
ISO 286-2Tolerance tables for every size
IT1-IT1818 precision grades โ IT1 the most precise
H7/h6Hole/shaft โ the most common fit
H7/p6Common press fit
ANSI B4.2American equivalent
ISO 2768 โ General Tolerance
General Tolerance
ISO 2768-1Linear and angular dimensions: f/m/c/v
ISO 2768-2General GD&T: H/K/L
m (Medium)ยฑ0.1mm/0.5-3mm โ the common one
c (Coarse)Rough manufacturing ยท casting
UseWhen there's no specific tolerance on the drawing
ASME EquivalentASME Y14.5 title block tolerances
ASME B4.1/B4.2 โ American Fits
RC/LC/LN/FN
RC (Running Clearance)RC1-RC9 โ free-running
LC (Locational Clearance)LC1-LC11 โ location with clearance
LN (Locational Interference)LN1-3 โ tight location
FN (Force/Shrink)FN1-5 โ press and shrink fits
B4.2ISO Hole/Shaft system for inches
ISO 1829 โ Shape Tolerance
Profile Tolerances
ISO 1829IT grade selection for different applications
IT5-IT7Moving parts โ precise
IT7-IT11Fitted parts โ general use
IT11-IT16Castings ยท rough forging
ISO 286 โ Common Fits Table
Quick Ref
| Fit | Type | Use |
|---|---|---|
| H7/h6 | Sliding | Smooth shaft โ can be moved |
| H7/g6 | Running | Bearing โ โ โ common |
| H7/f7 | Running | Fast ยท lubricated |
| H7/k6 | Transition | Locating โ hammer-fit |
| H7/n6 | Transition | Light Press |
| H7/p6 | Interference | Press Fit โ pressed in |
| H7/s6 | Interference | Heavy Press |
Metrology and CMM Standards
Metrology
ISO 10360CMM โ accuracy and testing
ISO 1 (ISO 1:2016)Reference temperature: 20ยฐC
ASME B89.4CMM Performance (US)
VDI/VDE 2617CMM โ German, very common
ISO 14253Decision rules for conformance
GUM (ISO/IEC Guide 98)Measurement uncertainty
๐งฑ Material Standards
Structural Steels โ ASTM/EN
Carbon Steel
ASTM A36American structural steel โ Fy=250MPa
ASTM A572HSLA Steel โ Grade 50/60
EN 10025-2S235/S275/S355 โ European
EN 10025-3/4S420/S460 TMCP/Quenched
IS 50 (Israeli)Fe360/Fe430/Fe510
JIS G3101SS400 โ Japanese (โS235)
Carbon Steel โ AISI/SAE
Alloy Steel
AISI 1018Low Carbon โ C15 (EN)
AISI 1045Medium Carbon โ C45 (EN)
AISI 4140Cr-Mo โ 42CrMo4 (EN)
AISI 4340Ni-Cr-Mo โ 36CrNiMo4 (EN)
AISI 8620Carburizing โ 20NiCrMo2-2
ASTM A108Cold Drawn Bars (CF)
Stainless Steel
SS
ASTM A276SS Bars and Shapes
ASTM A240SS Flat Products
EN 10088SS โ 1.4301/1.4404/1.4571
ISO 15510Chemical Composition SS
ASTM A312SS Seamless Pipes
ASTM A193B7/B8 โ SS Alloy Bolts
Aluminum
Aluminum
ASTM B211Al Alloy Bars/Rods/Wire
ASTM B209Al Alloy Sheet & Plate
EN 573Al โ EN AW-6061/7075 etc.
EN 485Al Sheet, Strip, Plate
AMS 2770Heat Treatment Al (Aerospace)
ANSI H35.1Al Alloy Designation System
Titanium and Superalloys
Ti ยท Ni Alloys
ASTM B265Ti Strip/Sheet/Plate
AMS 4928Ti-6Al-4V Bar โ Aerospace
ASTM B637Ni Alloy Bars (Inconel 718)
AMS 5662Inconel 718 Sheet
AMS 5663Inconel 718 Bar
ASTM B550Zirconium Bar & Wire
Tool Steel
HSS ยท Cold ยท Hot
ASTM A600HSS (M2/M42 etc.) โ Tool Steel
ASTM A681Alloy Tool Steels (D2/H13/A2)
ISO 4957Tool Steels โ EN Classification
DIN EN 10027Steel Designation โ HS6-5-2
Castings
Cast Iron ยท Cast Steel
ASTM A48Gray Iron โ Class 20-60
ASTM A536Ductile Iron โ Grade 65-45-12
EN 1561Gray Iron โ EN-GJL-200/250/300
EN 1563Ductile Iron โ EN-GJS-400/500
ASTM A27Carbon Steel Castings
Springs and Special Steels
Springs ยท Special
EN 10270-1Music Wire โ SH/SL/SM
EN 10270-2Cr-V Spring Wire
EN 10270-3SS Spring Wire โ 1.4310
ASTM A228Music Wire (US)
ASTM A401Chromium-Silicon Wire
๐ฉ Fastener and Strength Standards
ISO Metric Threads
ISO 68 / ISO 724
ISO 68-1Metric thread profile โ 60ยฐ
ISO 724Metric thread dimensions (M1-M600)
ISO 965-1Metric tolerances โ 6g/6H
ISO 261Preferred sizes (Coarse/Fine)
DIN 13Metric โ German (identical to ISO 724)
American Threads
UNC / UNF / UNEF
ASME B1.1Unified Inch Screw Threads
UNCCoarse โ 1/4-20, 3/8-16
UNFFine โ 1/4-28, 3/8-24
UNEFExtra Fine
UN (Series)4/6/8/12/16/20/28 TPI
ASME B1.13MMetric Threads (US)
Pipe Threads
NPT ยท BSP ยท G
ASME B1.20.1NPT โ National Pipe Taper (US)
ISO 7-1BSP Taper (BSPT/Rc)
ISO 228-1BSP Parallel (BSPP/G)
NPSMStraight Mechanical (US)
SAE J476Dryseal Pressure Tight
ISO Bolts and Nuts
Fastener Standards
ISO 4014/4017Hex Bolt โ Part/Full Thread
ISO 4762Socket Head Cap Screw (DIN 912)
ISO 10642CSK Socket Screw
ISO 7380Button Head Socket Screw
ISO 4032/4033Hex Nut Style 1/2
ISO 7089/7090Flat Washer Normal/Hard
Strength Grades
ISO 898 / SAE J429
ISO 898-1Bolts/Screws โ 4.6/5.8/8.8/10.9/12.9
ISO 898-2Nuts โ Grade 5/8/10/12
SAE J429Grade 2/5/8 (US)
ASTM A307Low Carbon Bolts Grade A/B
ASTM A325/A490Structural Bolts (US)
ISO 3506SS Fasteners โ A2/A4 70/80
Rivets and Pins
Rivets ยท Pins
ISO 1051Rivets โ Solid
ASME B18.1.1Small Solid Rivets (US)
ISO 8749Spring Pins โ Slotted
ISO 8748Coiled Spring Pins (Spirol)
ISO 2339Taper Pins
NASM 1312Fastener Test โ Aerospace
โก Welding Standards
AWS โ American Welding Society
AWS
AWS D1.1Structural Welding โ Steel
AWS D1.2Structural Welding โ Aluminum
AWS D1.3Sheet Metal Welding
AWS D1.5Bridge Welding Code
AWS D1.6Structural Welding โ SS
AWS D8.1MAutomotive Spot Welding
ISO โ Welding Standards
ISO / EN
ISO 5817Weld Quality โ B/C/D (Fusion)
ISO 10042Al Weld Quality โ B/C/D
ISO 9692Joint Preparation โ Weld
ISO 2553Welding Symbols on Drawings
ISO 3834Quality Requirements โ Fusion
EN 1090Execution of Steel Structures (EU)
Filler Metal Standards โ AWS Filler
Filler Metals
AWS A5.1SMAW Electrodes โ E6010/E7018
AWS A5.18MIG Steel โ ER70S-6
AWS A5.10MIG Al โ ER4043/ER5356
AWS A5.9MIG/TIG SS โ ER308L/ER316L
AWS A5.14Ni Alloy โ ERNiCrMo-3
ISO 14341MIG/MAG Wire โ ISO Classification
Weld Testing Standards
NDE / NDT
ASME VNDE Methods (BPVC Section V)
ISO 17635NDE of Welds โ General Rules
ISO 17636RT โ Radiographic Testing Welds
ISO 17637VT โ Visual Testing Welds
ISO 17638MT โ Magnetic Particle Welds
ISO 17640UT โ Ultrasonic Testing Welds
Welder Qualification
Qualification
ISO 9606-1Welder Qualification โ Fusion Steel
ISO 9606-2Welder Qualification โ Al
ASME IXWelding Qualifications (BPVC)
AWS D1.1 D1 Qual.CWI โ Certified Welding Inspector
EN 1418Welding Operator Qualification
Welding โ Pressure / Piping
Pressure Vessels
ASME BPVC VIIIPressure Vessel Code
ASME B31.3Process Piping
ASME B31.1Power Piping
ISO 15614-1WPS Qualification โ Steel
PD 5500Pressure Vessels (UK)
๐จ Coating and Heat Treatment Standards
Anodizing
Al Anodize
MIL-A-8625Type I (Chromic) / II (Sulfuric) / III (Hard)
AMS 2469Hard Anodic Coating
AMS 2471Anodic Coating โ Undyed
ISO 7599Anodizing of Al โ Sulphuric Acid
BS 1615Anodic Oxidation of Al (UK)
Chrome and Electroless Nickel
Plating
AMS 2406Hard Chrome โ Electrodeposited
AMS 2460Decorative Chrome
AMS 2404Electroless Nickel
ASTM B733Electroless Nickel โ thickness
ISO 4526EN Coatings โ Requirements
ASTM B177Chrome Plating Process
Passivation and Zn Coating
Passivation ยท Zinc
AMS 2700Passivation SS โ Method 1-7
ASTM A967Passivation SS (alternative)
ASTM B633Electro Zinc Plating
ISO 4520Chromate Conversion on Zn
ISO 10683Zinc Flake Coating
ASTM B695Mechanical Zinc Plating
Phosphating and Protective Coating
Phosphate ยท Paint
MIL-DTL-16232Phosphate Coating (Manganese/Zinc)
AMS 2481Manganese Phosphate
MIL-PRF-85582Epoxy Primer Aerospace
ISO 12944Corrosion Protection Paint Systems
MIL-PRF-23377Epoxy Primer โ 2 Part
Heat Treatment
HT Standards
AMS 2759Heat Treatment Steel
AMS 2770Heat Treatment Al Alloys
AMS 2774Heat Treatment Wrought Ni Alloys
ISO 683Heat Treatable Steels (EU)
ASTM A255Jominy Hardenability Test
AMS 2750Pyrometry โ Furnace Calibration
Hydrogen Embrittlement
โ ๏ธ HE Relief
ASTM F519HE Testing โ Notched Bar
ASTM F1940Process Control โ HE Prevention
AMS 2759/9HE Relief Process
ISO 4042Coatings on Fasteners โ HE Risk
Execution190-210ยฐC ร 23h after plating
โ
Quality and Aerospace Standards
ISO 9001 โ Quality Management
QMS
ISO 9001:2015Quality Management System
ISO 9000Vocabulary and Fundamentals
ISO 9004Performance Excellence โ Beyond 9001
ISO 19011Auditing Management Systems
ApplicabilityEvery industry ยท a basic requirement
AS9100 โ Aerospace
Aerospace QMS
AS9100 Rev DQMS Aerospace โ ISO 9001 + additions
AS9102First Article Inspection (FAI)
AS9103Variation Management of Key Characteristics
AS9110MRO โ Maintenance Organizations
AS9120Distributors โ Aerospace
OASIS DBCertification database โ IAQG
IATF 16949 โ Automotive
Automotive
IATF 16949:2016QMS Automotive (replaced TS 16949)
APQPAdvanced Product Quality Planning
PPAPProduction Part Approval Process
FMEA (AIAG)DFMEA + PFMEA โ 4th Edition
MSAMeasurement System Analysis
SPCStatistical Process Control
SPC and Statistical
Statistics
ISO 7870Control Charts
ISO 7873Control Charts โ Means
ISO 3951Sampling by Variables
ISO 2859Sampling by Attributes โ AQL
ASTM E2587SPC Charts (US)
Six SigmaAIAG ยท ASQ โ DMAIC
NDT / NDE
Non-Destructive
ASNT SNT-TC-1ANDT Personnel Qualification (US)
ISO 9712NDE Personnel Qualification (ISO)
ASTM E1444Magnetic Particle (MT)
ASTM E1417Liquid Penetrant (PT)
ASTM E214Radiography (RT)
ASTM E2375Ultrasonic (UT)
FAI โ First Article Inspection
AS9102
AS9102BFirst Article Inspection Requirements
What's IncludedDesign documentation ยท materials ยท processes
What's MeasuredEvery dimension on the drawing ยท key characteristics
FAIR DocumentsBallooned drawing ยท actual measurements
When RequiredNew development ยท process change ยท new supplier
๐ก๏ธ Defense Standards MIL / AMS / NASM
MIL-STD โ Coatings
MIL-SPEC
MIL-A-8625Anodic Coatings โ Al
MIL-DTL-5002Surface Treatments โ Iron/Steel
MIL-DTL-16232Phosphate Coating
MIL-PRF-8585Lubricating Grease
MIL-PRF-680Degreasing Solvent
MIL-C-5541Chemical Film (Alodine/Chromate)
MIL-STD โ Processes
Process Specs
MIL-STD-130Identification Marking of US Military Property
MIL-STD-792Identification Marking of Critical Parts
MIL-STD-810Environmental Test Methods
MIL-STD-1472Human Engineering โ Design
MIL-STD-1553Data Bus (Avionics)
MIL-HDBK-5Metallic Materials โ Properties
AMS โ Aerospace Material Specs
SAE / AMS
AMS 2430Shot Peening
AMS 2432Shot Peening โ Computer Controlled
AMS 2700Passivation SS
AMS 2759Heat Treatment of Steel
AMS 2770Heat Treatment Al
AMS 4928Ti-6Al-4V Bar
NASM โ Aerospace Fasteners
NASM
NASM 21209Helicoil / Wire Thread Insert
NASM 33537Key-Lock Insert (Keensert)
NASM 1312Fastener Test Methods
NAS1130Rosan Inserts
NAS623Hex Bolts โ Aerospace
MS21250Hi-Lok Fasteners
DEF STAN โ British Defense
UK Defence
DEF STAN 00-970Design of Military Aircraft
DEF STAN 03-2Anodic Coating of Al
DEF STAN 03-5Cadmium Plate (Aerospace)
DEF STAN 02-729Naval Surface Preparation
RCC / Rafael / IAI Specs
๐ฎ๐ฑ Israeli Defense
MIL-STD in IsraelAmerican standards commonly used in industry
Israeli Defense Std.Standards Institution defense standards
AMS in Common UseCoatings + materials โ AMS is common
AS9100Mandatory for defense aerospace manufacturers
AQAPNATO Quality Assurance โ AQAP 2110
๐ฎ๐ฑ Israeli Standards โ Standards Institution
Standards Institution of Israel โ SII
SI
SI 1Paper sizes โ A4/A3/A0
SI 13Technical drawing โ rules
SI 16 (GHS)Chemical classification and labeling
SI 630Structural steel
SI 1390Welding โ welder qualification
Websitesii.org.il
Safety Regulations โ Labor
Ministry of Economy
Occupational Safety Regs.Personal protective equipment ยท machinery
CE MarkingCE marking mandatory in Israel (imports)
Pressure Vessel Regs.Steam boilers ยท pressure vessels
SI 931Lifting equipment
SI โ Standards Equivalent to ISO
SI โก ISO
SI ISO 9001Quality management
SI ISO 14001Environmental management
SI ISO 45001Occupational health and safety
SI ISO 1101GD&T
SI ISO 286Fits and tolerances
Most SI StandardsA direct translation from ISO/EN โ usually identical
Environmental Regulations โ Israel
Ministry of Environmental Protection
REACH (EU in Israel)Chemical restrictions โ required for export
RoHSRestriction of lead/silver/Cd/Hg
Clean Air Regs.VOC emissions from coatings
Hazardous Materials Regs.Hazardous substances 2008
๐ Comparisons โ AISI/SAE vs EN vs JIS
Carbon and Alloy Steels
| AISI/SAE (US) | EN (Europe) | DIN (Germany) | JIS (Japan) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1018 | S235/C15 | St37/Ck15 | SS400/S15C | Low carbon, soft |
| 1020 | C20 | Ck20 | S20C | Low carbon |
| 1045 | C45 | Ck45 | S45C | Medium carbon, common |
| 1060 | C60 | Ck60 | S60C | High carbon, springs |
| 4130 | 25CrMo4 | 25CrMo4 | SCM430 | Cr-Mo, aerospace |
| 4140 | 42CrMo4 | 42CrMo4 | SCM440 | Cr-Mo, common |
| 4340 | 36CrNiMo4 | 36NiCrMo4 | SNCM439 | Ni-Cr-Mo, high strength |
| 8620 | 20NiCrMo2-2 | 21NiCrMo2 | SNCM220 | Case Hardening |
| 9310 | โ | โ | โ | Aerospace Gear Steel |
Stainless Steel
| AISI/UNS (US) | EN/W-Nr (EU) | DIN | Description | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 304 / S30400 | 1.4301 | X5CrNi18-10 | Austenitic 18-8 | General use |
| 304L / S30403 | 1.4307 | X2CrNi18-9 | Low C โ welding | Welding 304 |
| 316 / S31600 | 1.4401 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 | Mo โ corrosion | Marine, chemical |
| 316L / S31603 | 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | Low C + Mo | Marine welding |
| 321 / S32100 | 1.4541 | X6CrNiTi18-10 | Ti Stabilized | High T |
| 347 / S34700 | 1.4550 | X6CrNiNb18-10 | Nb Stabilized | High T |
| 410 / S41000 | 1.4006 | X12Cr13 | Martensitic | Knives, bearings |
| 17-4PH / S17400 | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCuNb16-4 | Precip. Hardened | Aerospace, defense |
| 2205 / S32205 | 1.4462 | X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 | Duplex | Marine, chemical |
Aluminum
| AA (US) | EN (EU) | Temper | Rm (MPa) | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1050 | EN AW-1050A | H14 | 105 | General, conductivity |
| 2024 | EN AW-2024 | T3/T4 | 440-470 | Aerospace |
| 5052 | EN AW-5052 | H32 | 230 | Marine, welding |
| 6061 | EN AW-6061 | T6 | 310 | General, structural |
| 6063 | EN AW-6063 | T5/T6 | 190-245 | Profiles |
| 7050 | EN AW-7050 | T7451 | 510 | Aerospace structural |
| 7075 | EN AW-7075 | T6/T651 | 500-570 | Aerospace, defense |
| 7068 | โ | T6511 | 690 | High performance |
Tool Steel
| AISI (US) | EN (EU) | DIN | Type | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H13 | X40CrMoV5-1 | 1.2344 | Hot Work | Casting, hot forging |
| H11 | X38CrMoV5-1 | 1.2343 | Hot Work | Dies, defense |
| D2 | X153CrMoV12 | 1.2379 | Cold Work | Stamping dies, cutting |
| A2 | X100CrMoV5 | 1.2363 | Cold Work | Cutting, punching |
| O1 | 100MnCrW4 | 1.2510 | Oil Hardening | General tools |
| M2 | S6-5-2 | 1.3343 | HSS | Drills, end mills |
| M42 | S2-10-1-8 | 1.3247 | HSS-Co | High hardness |
| P20 | 40CrMnMo7 | 1.2311 | Mold Steel | Plastic molds |
GD&T System Comparison
| Topic | ASME Y14.5-2018 | ISO 1101:2017 | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Default Principle | Rule #1 / Envelope | Independence | Critical difference! |
| RFS | Default (โข removed) | Default | Identical |
| Projection | Third Angle โ | First Angle โ | Important on drawings! |
| Symmetry | Removed โ Position | Exists | 2018 change |
| Concentricity | Removed โ Position | Exists | 2018 change |
| Datum Target | DT | DT | Identical |
| Basic Dimension | Square frame | Square frame | Identical |
| Surface Finish | Y14.36M | ISO 1302/21920 | Different! |